Diesel Exhaust Fluid
EPA’s 2010 diesel engine emission standards will require engine
manufacturers to further reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx)
emitted. The newest approach to lower NOx emissions in diesels
is Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) using Diesel Exhaust Fluid
(DEF). The urea-based solution (32.5 percent industrial urea and
67.5 percent deionized water) is held in a separate storage tank and
injected as a fine mist into the hot exhaust gases. The heat turns
the urea into ammonia that - when combined with a special catalytic
converter - breaks down the NOx into harmless nitrogen gas and water
vapor.
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is one of the most
cost-effective and fuel-efficient diesel engine emissions control
technologies available. For passenger cars and light duty trucks,
the ability to meet strict emissions and fuel efficiency guidelines
affordably without compromising driving power and performance is
attractive. In the commercial trucking industry, including heavy and
medium duty trucks, the ability to reduce emissions to near-zero
levels while also delivering a 3-5% diesel fuel savings
distinguishes SCR as one of the only emissions control technologies
that is as good for business as it is for the environment.
How Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology Works
SCR technology is designed to permit nitrogen oxide (NOx)
reduction reactions to take place in an oxidizing atmosphere. It
is called "selective" because it reduces levels of NOx using
ammonia as a reductant within a catalyst system. The reducing
agent reacts with NOx to convert the pollutants into nitrogen,
water and tiny amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) - natural
elements common to the air we breathe everyday. The reductant
source is usually automotive-grade urea, otherwise known as
Diesel Exhaust Fluid, which can be rapidly hydrolyzed
to produce the oxidizing ammonia in the exhaust stream. SCR
technology alone can achieve NOx reductions in excess of 90%.
This means that trucks will have to carry a sufficient quantity
of DEF on-board.
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